This report was originally published in Japanese in March 2021. The original report is here.

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Introduction: A Decade of Contradictions Posed by Kim Jong-un Economies――Security and Institutional Dilemmas in the Context of Reform and Opening Up

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Chapter 1: Stagnant North Korean Economic Reforms――Party Rule Blocks the Development of a Market Economy

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Chapter 2: North Korea’s Fiscal, Monetary, and Foreign Exchange Problems――Another Aspect of Self-Reliance

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Chapter 3: How North Korea’s Fight Against COVID-19 Affects Its Military and Economy

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Chapter 4: The Kim Jong-un Regime’s Tourism Policy――The Development of Tourism Zones Amid the COVID-19 Crisis

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Chapter 5: North Korea’s Increasingly Diverse Commodity Economy――Supported by a New Wealthy Class, With Procurement of Materials Playing a Pivotal Role

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Chapter 6: North Korea’s Digital Economy Develops in a Unique Way――Emphasis on Human Resource Development and Use for Governance and Military Purposes

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Chapter 7: The Positives and Negatives of North Korea’s Regional Economies――With Development of Special Zones Failing to Progress, the State Focuses Its Efforts on Agriculture

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Chapter 8: Inter-Korean Economic Exchange at a Standstill――Political Hurdles Around Denuclearization

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Chapter 9: South Korean Perceptions of North Korea in 2020

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Chapter 10: Sanctions Cause the Fade-out of Economic Exchange with China

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Chapter 11: Stagnating Korean Peninsula Infrastructure Projects――The Russian Perspective

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Chapter 12: North Korean Initiatives Focused on Achieving the SDGs――The Reality and Future Prospects

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